对于英语非汉语的留学生来讲，paper创作的近道是效仿，而在效仿以前学生们务必掌握paper创作的一些基础理论和关键点。今日小编就给大家共享麻省理工大学Ezra Zuckerman Sivan的一篇小短文Tips to Article Writers。内容上，除开全文，会再加上简单翻译和注释或一些书本章节目录，便于扩宽、加重了解。期待对大伙儿的paper创作有一定的协助。

 

告知教师为何你的Paper值得读

 

Motivate the paper.The first question you must answer for the reader is why they should read your paper.There is A LOT out there to read and it is very easy to find an excuse not to read a paper.Most people don’t even read all the articles published in their field’s flagship journals.So if you want your paper to be read,you need to sell the reader on why your paper is so great.The introduction of your paper has to be exciting.It must motivate the reader to keep on reading.They must have the sense that if they keep on reading,there is at least a fair chance that they will learn something new.

讲解：你的Paper要想写好，除开专业技能要扎扎实实以外，也要像文学家发表文章一样，扣人心弦。而Introduction实际上便是为Paper做广告。

明确你的见解

 

Know your audience.Since different people get excited about different things,you cannot get them motivated unless you know their taste.And different academic communities/journals have very different tastes for what constitutes an interesting question and what constitutes a compelling approach to a question.The basic idea is that social scientific communities are arrayed by two dimensions,where the“rows”are“phenomena”[e.g.,area studies;topics such as entrepreneurship or racial inequality]and the“columns”are disciplines or theories.One key lesson is that one typically needs to choose whether one is aiming for a“row”audience/journal or a“column”audience/journal,and motivate/frame one’s paper accordingly.Trying to motivate both row and column simultaneously usually does not work.

讲解：依据文章内容“状况”(总宽)“基础理论”(深层)能够果断地选择文章内容突破口，鱼与熊掌不能兼顾。结果新奇的文章内容，状况一端多做扩宽;结果安稳的文章内容，基础理论路经多深层次。能够拿周刊和全篇类文章内容做对比。

防止虚有其表

 

Use substantive motivations,not aesthetic ones.By an aesthetic motivation,I mean that the author is appealing to the reader’s sense that a certain kind of theory or approach should be preferred regardless of its explanatory power(e.g.,we should be avoiding“economistic”or“functionalist”or“reductionist”explanations).Sometimes aesthetic motivations work(for getting a paper accepted),but the contribution tends to be hollow because the end of research(figuring out how the world works)is sacrificed for the means(telling each other how much we like certain ideas).Another way of putting this is that we should not like a paper simply because it proudly displays the colors of our tribe.

分析：绣花枕头烂绣花枕头是不好滴。不可以由于某一基础理论更好看就撇开具体使用价值选用之、宣扬之，就算大家喜爱好看的物品。

先因不良影响

 

Always frame around the dependent variable.The dependent variable is a question and the independent variables are answers to a question.So it makes no sense to start with an answer.Rather,start with a question/puzzle!(Note that I don’t mean the literal dependent variable in the analysis in the paper,but the larger process/pattern that it is supposed to represent).

分析：写作应以紧紧围绕一个难题进行，如侦探小说逐渐解迷;而不是法庭上先设置犯法或没罪，随后用直接证据强制证实或反驳。

 

Paper的使用价值是处理这一全世界还存有的疑团

 

Paper writing service on www.hotessay.net.Frame around a puzzle in the world,not a literature.The only reason anyone cares about a literature is because it is helpful in clarifying puzzles in the world.So start with the puzzle.A related point is that just because a literature has not examined some phenomenon,that does not mean that you should.The only reason a phenomenon is interesting is if it poses a puzzle for existing ways of viewing the world.(Too often,I read papers that try to get motivation from the fact that a literature”has not looked at”x,y,or z.So what?There will always be a great deal of unstudied[by academics]phenomena.The question is why that matters.)

分析：紧紧围绕一个难题/疑团写作，而不是一篇参考文献发觉没人报导就越马科学研究。没有人做了，不意味着有使用价值;具备可探究性及其其附加因果关系逻辑性的难题，才有使用价值科学研究。浩天文化教育觉得Introduction里引出来自身研究方向的措辞要注意了，尽管可能是说同一个科学研究，但描述为since X has not been studied,we…而不是阐述其牵涉到的来龙去脉，就很有可能令人感觉这是一个为了更好地科学研究而科学研究的无使用价值工作中。还可以简易了解为“包装”。

一篇Paper一个假定

 

One hypothesis(or a few tightly related hypotheses)is enough.If people remember a paper at all,they will remember it for one idea.So no use trying to stuff a zillion ideas in a paper.A related problem with numerous hypotheses is that it’s never clear what implications the invalidation of any one hypothesis has for the theory hotessay.cn.(Note:the organizations community apparently does not agree with me on this one)

分析：一篇文章一个关键假定，足已。科学研究，便是创建和检测假定。但一篇文章中假定过多得话，场景便会错乱。就好似一个人物角色盘根错节的小故事，通常会丧失许多赏析、拥护者。

 

真知越辩越明

 

Build up the null hypothesis to be as compelling as possible.A paper will not be interesting unless there is a really compelling null hypothesis.If there is no interesting alternative to the author’s argument,why would anyone care about it?Flogging straw men is both unfair and uninteresting.

分析：零假设要尽可能强有力言之有理。对手越强劲的漫威英雄影片，主人公也越独特;敌人全是弱鸡，漫威英雄便是弱鸡英雄人物，乃至不是英雄。做为电影导演和导演，要可以营造强劲的反派角色。实际参照有希斯莱杰的Batman。

一切基础理论全是创建在特殊条件下的

 

Save the null.Since the null is compelling,it must be right under certain conditions.The author’s job is to explain to the reader that s/he was right to believe x about the world,but that since x doesn’t hold under certain conditions,s/he should shift to belief x‘.This helps the reader feel comfortable about shifting to a new idea.Moreover,a very subtle shift in thinking can go a long way.

分析：反派角色不可以太摆放，台本时要取出室内空间给反派角色，用于呈现反派角色的侵略性。阅读者见到一个恶执政将来的灰暗没光后，才可以当然地了解公平正义的光辉。历经亲身的比照，最终挑选才算是当然的，不缺憾的。

 

根据写作逻辑性来推动阅读者

 

Orient the reader.The reader needs to know at all times how any sentence fits into the narrative arc of the paper.All too often,I read papers where I get lost in the trees and have no sense of the forest.The narrative arc should start with the first paragraph or two where a question/puzzle is framed and lead to the main finding of the paper.Everything else in the paper should be in service of that arc,either by clarifying the question or setting up the answer(including painstakingly dealing with objections).A related tip is:

分析：在难题——回答构思下，推动阅读者。原文中语句即然存有，则必需有一个作用，且这一作用只有是服务项目于提问问题——解决困难这条主线任务。在此主线任务不相干的内容总是让阅读者迷惘手足无措。阅读者一蒙蔽，就给恶意差评。

 

不必将Paper写出参考文献

 

Never write literature reviews.No one likes to read literature reviews.They are borrring.So don’t write them.But that doesn’t mean you should ignore”the relevant literature.”To the contrary.You have raised a puzzle about the real world(see tips 3-5).One reason why it is a puzzle is because existing answers are compelling(see point 7),but flawed.So you review the literature not as an end in itself but because you show what is compelling but flawed about existing answers.Any research that does not pertain to that objective can remain unmentioned.(Ok,ok.Some reviewers will demand to see their names or that of their favorite scholars even when their work is essentially irrelevant.And it is usually good to anticipate that.But try to do as little as possible.).

分析：没有人喜爱读参考文献，参考文献很无聊;阅读者喜爱谜面，也喜爱与谜面有关的信息提示。

写信息提示是文字类游戏么?并不是。这儿是要注重关系性的重要性。没有关联性的参考文献仅仅为了更好地引入而引入，为了更好地阐述而阐述，对处理时下的难题没有协助。引用文献格式力求依照探宝案件线索的门路去设定。大家在写自身的paper情况下还要留意上边这种状况。